THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THE MASS
KILLINGS OF ARMENIANS 100 YEARS AGO
By Don Melvin, CNN /
Updated 11:15 AM ET, Thu April 23, 2015
(CNN) The
mass killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, which began 100 years ago
Friday, is said by some scholars and others to have been the first genocide of
the 20th century, even though the word "genocide" did not exist at
the time. The issue of whether to call
the killings a genocide is emotional, both for Armenians, who are descended
from those killed, and for Turks, the heirs to the Ottomans. For both groups,
the question touches as much on national identity as on historical facts. Some
Armenians feel their nationhood cannot be fully recognized unless the truth of
what happened to their forebears is acknowledged. Some Turks still view the
Armenians as having been a threat to the Ottoman Empire in a time of war, and
say many people of various ethnicities -- including Turks -- were killed in the
chaos of war.
In
addition, some Turkish leaders fear that acknowledgment of a genocide could
lead to demands for huge reparations. What
preceded the mass killings of Armenians that began 100 years ago? The Ottoman Turks, having recently entered
World War I on the side of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were
worried that Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire would offer wartime
assistance to Russia. Russia had long coveted control of Constantinople (now
Istanbul), which controlled access to the Black Sea -- and therefore access to
Russia's only year-round seaports.
How
many Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire at the start of the mass killings? Many historians agree that the number was
about 2 million. However, victims of the mass killings also included some of
the 1.8 million Armenians living in the Caucasus under Russian rule, some of
whom were massacred by Ottoman forces in 1918 as they marched through East
Armenia and Azerbaijan.
How
did the mass killings start? By 1914,
Ottoman authorities were already portraying Armenians as a threat to the
empire's security. Then, on the night of April 23-24, 1915, the authorities in
Constantinople, the empire's capital, rounded up about 250 Armenian
intellectuals and community leaders. Many of them ended up deported or
assassinated. April 24, known as Red
Sunday, is commemorated as Genocide Remembrance Day by Armenians around the
world. Friday is the 100th anniversary of that day.
How
many Armenians were killed?
This
is a major point of contention. Estimates range from 300,000 to 2 million
deaths between 1914 and 1923, with not all of the victims in the Ottoman
Empire. But most estimates -- including one of 800,000 between 1915 and 1918,
made by Ottoman authorities themselves -- fall between 600,000 and 1.5 million.
Whether
due to killings or forced deportation, the number of Armenians living in Turkey
fell from 2 million in 1914 to under 400,000 by 1922.
How
did they die? Almost
any way one can imagine. While the death
toll is in dispute, photographs from the era document some mass killings. Some
show Ottoman soldiers posing with severed heads, others with them standing amid
skulls in the dirt. The victims are
reported to have died in mass burnings and by drowning, torture, gas, poison,
disease and starvation. Children were reported to have been loaded into boats,
taken out to sea and thrown overboard. Rape, too, was frequently reported. In
addition, according to the website armenian-genocide.org, "The great bulk
of the Armenian population was forcibly removed from Armenia and Anatolia to
Syria, where the vast majority was sent into the desert to die of thirst and
hunger."
Was
genocide a crime at the time of the killings?
No.
Genocide was not even a word at the time, much less a legally defined crime.
The
word "genocide" was invented in 1944 by a Polish lawyer named Raphael
Lemkin to describe the Nazis' systematic attempt to eradicate Jews from Europe.
He formed the word by combining the Greek word for race with the Latin word for
killing. Genocide became a crime in
1948, when the United Nations approved the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The definition included acts meant
"to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group."
Who
calls the mass killings of Armenians a genocide? Armenia, the Vatican, the European
Parliament, France, Israel, Russia and Canada. Germany is expected to join that
group on Friday, the 100th anniversary of the start of the killings.
Who
does not call the mass killings a genocide?
Turkey,
the United States (Pres Hussein Obama), the European Commission, the United
Kingdom and the United Nations. A U.N.
subcommittee called the killings genocide in 1985, but current U.N.
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declines to use the word. Also, a year ago, on the eve of the 99th
anniversary of Red Sunday, then-Turkish Prime Minister (now-President) Recep
Tayyip Erdogan offered condolences for the mass killings, which he said had
"inhumane consequences." While Turkey vehemently continues to reject
the word "genocide," his remarks went further than those of any
previous Turkish leader in acknowledging the suffering of Armenians.